Immigrants and Crime: The Importance of Destination?
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Crime is a global phenomenon. From the most highly developed states to the least developed ones, crime represents a significant threat to social well-being. And because of its ubiquity, unsavoriness, and harmful qualities, criminal activity has the distinction of being a social event that is often blamed on the individuals who live on the fringes of a society. For immigrants, this tendency to place the blame of crime on the less well-off members of a society is particularly dangerous since they often find themselves occupying some of the lowest rungs on a nation’s social ladder. Unsurprisingly, the consequences of criminal allegations against immigrants are likely to be severe; such allegations are also likely to reinforce the strong and enduring belief found in many countries that immigrants bring with them high criminal propensities (Citrin and Sides 2008; Ousey and Kubrin 2009).
Yet, in reality, the relationship between immigration and crime is far more complex than may initially be assumed. Consider Lynch and Simon’s (1999) argument that the supposed immigrant-crime connection may have much more to do with immigrants’ places of destination than with the immigrants themselves. In countries like the U.S. and Canada, for instance, first- and second-generation immigrants have been found to have lower crime rates than their native-born peers (Hagan, Levi, and Dinovitzer 2008). Sampson (2010) argues that this may be because countries such as the U.S tend to select non-criminal immigrants and/or because many immigrants come from cultures that are not particularly criminally-inclined. Dinovitzer, Hagan, and Levi (2009) further contend that immigrants’ general commitment to education, family, and conformity may protect them from engaging in delinquency. As Sutherland ([1924]1974) postulated many years ago, it is often only with time (and through the processes of acculturation and assimilation) that immigrant groups begin to more closely resemble their non-immigrant counterparts in regards to things like criminal involvement.
Still, not all immigrants have been found to be less criminally involved than their non-immigrants peers. Sweden (Martens 1997) and Switzerland (Killias 1997) are two countries in which first-generation immigrants have been found to be more crime-prone than the native-born population. In an attempt to explain the high crime rates of first-generation immigrants in Sweden, Martens points out that it could be that this country tends to attract immigrants who already have relatively high criminal propensities. But, by benefiting from Sweden’s generous state welfare policies, the crime rates of second-generation immigrants have been found to be lower than their parents’ generation and to be more inline with the crime rates of non-immigrants. As for Switzerland, Killias suggests that emerging cultural factors, poor social integration, and lower than normal socioeconomic statuses for immigrants may partially explain why both first- and second-generation immigrants have higher-than-average crime rates. If Martens and Killias are correct, then this adds credence to the thought that successful acculturation and assimilation may bring the crime rates of immigrants and their descendants more on par with the crime rates of non-immigrants. If, however, acculturation and assimilation are stalled or incomplete as may be the case in Switzerland, then immigrants may become increasing dissimilar from their non-immigrant counterparts and potentially more criminalistic.
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So, what does this all mean? Based on findings from countries like the U.S. and Canada, it appears that being an immigrant or the child of an immigrant may act as a shield against criminal involvement. That is, despite the common perception that immigrants engage in more crime than their native-born counterparts, it is generally only through the processes of acculturation and assimilation that immigrants in these countries begin to reach the heightened criminal propensity of their non-immigrant peers. In states like Sweden and Switzerland, however, the external circumstances seem to promote high rates of crime involvement in earlier generations. And, only after undergoing successful acculturation and assimilation do the descendants of immigrants become more similar to the native-born population when it comes to criminal activity. Based on both sets of divergent examples, this suggests that Lynch and Simon (1999) may have merit with their postulation that the immigrant-crime nexus may be more reflective of immigrants’ places of destination than with the individuals themselves. In other words, it may be that the receiving country plays a very influential role in the criminal involvement of its immigrants. Still, does this seem like a valid argument to you? What do you think?
Further Reading:
Sampson, Robert J. 2010. “Rethinking Crime and Immigration.” Contexts 7(1): 28-33.
Sutherland, Edwin H. [1924]1997. Criminology. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott.
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The TEA PARTY will not reduce its bombardment of these twin issues, on both the American Public and Congress as a need to enact “THE LEGAL WORKFORCE ACT” ( H.R. 2885), containing the mandatory E-Verify provision. This is an imperative to remove illegal aliens from the workplace and regenerate millions of jobs to U.S. citizens and permanent residents. Nothing difficult about this policy, except that state and federal legislators need to be harshly reminded by the voters that this nation needs to protect its borders and people from further invasion. In conclusion, a far more controversial law is to force the passage of the “BIRTHRIGHT CITIZENSHIP ACT (H.R.140). This exceeds every financial illegal immigration welfare program, as this aspect represents not in the hundreds of millions, but hundreds of Billions of dollars? We are supporting other countries poverty, to the detriment of our taxpayers. These billions of dollars should be supporting our own impoverished, not a free education for the children of illegal alien parents or the growing lines of foreigners arriving in our hospitals with their children. The simple fact of one stroke of the pen, the correct number of votes could alter illegal alien children getting instant citizenship because their parents smuggled them into our country or came here undetected in the womb of a mother. If this amendment to the 14th Amendment is not altered the payout for the “foothold” babies of illegal aliens will go on forever, and the costs doubled and tripled. Skilled workers YES! Poverty NO! And NO Amnesty?
AMERICA DOESN’T HAVE A REVENUE ISSUE, IT HAS A SPENDING ISSUE? PRESIDENT OBAMA GETS HIS VOTES FROM MOSTLY PEOPLE WHO WANT SOMETHING FOR NOTHING, WHILE TAXPAYERS HAVE TO CARRY THE “FREELOADERS”.
BIG PROBLEMS COMING FOR PRESIDENT OBAMA AND THE LIES ABOUT BENGHAZI, SEE THE ROY BECK’S VIDEO AT http://www.teaparty.org/beck-obama-may-go-to-prison-17572/